Revisiting Rural Transformation in India: A Case study of Raath Area

S.B. Yadav

Associate Professor and Research Guide, Dept. of Economics, BSR GAC Matsya University, Alwar (Rajasthan) 301001.

*Corresponding Author E-mail:

ABSTRACT:

Globalization and reforms wave in India has given a new boost to its economy. There have been tremendous changes in the livelihood of the people across all regions. Rural areas have witnessed a dramatic change in various facets of life. Therefore, rural transformation is a process of comprehensive societal change whereby rural societies diversify their economies and reduce their reliance on agriculture; move from farm sector to non-farm sector, become dependent on distant places to trade and to acquire goods, services, and ideas; move from dispersed villages to towns and small and medium cities; and become culturally more similar to large urban agglomerations. The rural transformation is the result, first of all, of the action of global drivers, such as the diversification of rural economies away from agriculture, the globalization of agri-food systems, and the urbanization of rural regions. This paper discusses all those major changes in rural transformation arisen out of the role of education and media both print and electronic in the Raath area of Rajasthan state. This study is part of the major project which identified various new drivers of growth and rural transformation in this region. For this study two variables have been selected which are described as two drivers of growth- education and media. It also explores future prospectus of the socio-economic and socio- cultural life of the people of Raath region.

KEYWORDS: Rural Transformation, Globalization, Economic Growth, Urbanization, Economic Diversification, Social Structures.

INTRODUCTION:

Globalisation in India came through the new economic reforms and is gradually transforming our society and culture. There has been a paradigm shift in growth with stability and social justice to neo-liberal development is traced. This is linked to the theoretical discourses on globalisation and their applicability in the Indian context. Globalization and reforms wave in India has given a new boost to its economy.

There have been tremendous changes in the livelihood of the people across all regions. Rural areas have witnessed a dramatic change in various facets of life.¹ Therefore, rural transformation is a process of comprehensive societal change whereby rural societies diversify their economies and reduce their reliance on agriculture; move from farm sector to non-farm sector, become dependent on distant places to trade and to acquire goods, services, and ideas; move from dispersed villages to towns and small and medium cities; and become culturally more similar to large urban agglomerations.²

The Concept:

As far as the concept of rural transformation is concerned, it has multi-dimensional connotations and it has been interpreted from different angles in social sciences. It denotes replacement of one stage by another in a times span.³ When the replacement of former stage by the latter is such in depth that it makes meaningful difference, the phenomenon is referred to as transformation. Transformation in social context refers to substitution in the basic character of its components like social relations, culture, habits, environment, and units of social structure.⁴ It is generally assumed that society cannot be scrapped, and so it is transformed. Transformation, in rural context, denotes the successive changing patterns conceived in rural set such as its structure, scope, form and character both in positive and negative directions. The term rural transformation does not mean urbanization of village or ruralization of cities. It highlights all major shifts in rural ecology and its canvas encompasses agricultural as well as non-agricultural sectors.⁵

The rural areas and small towns of India are undergoing a transformation, unprecedented in speed, depth, and scope.⁶ Defined as a process of comprehensive societal change, rural transformation results in:

· diversification of rural economies by reducing their reliance on agriculture,increasing migration from farm to non-farm sector;

· increasing materialistic approach has been instrumental in deteriorating cultural and ethical values;

· increase dependence on distant industrial or big cities/places for trade goods, access services and ideas;

· Significant change in literacy rate, food habits, clothing style, housing, transportation has led to decrease in social peace and harmony etc.

· migration to towns and small/medium cities from rural areas; and

METHODOLOGY:

This study is based on Stratified Multi-stage Random Sampling Method, (with replacement); that is in case a selected final household or unit refuses to cooperate or refuses to be included in the sample, a new unit of similar characteristics may be included or replaced in the sample. A simple “Lottery Method” was adopted for random sampling at all stages. The stratification in sampling has been made at following stages.

1. Selection of Raath area of district Alwar in the State of Rajasthan was the first stage of sampling. There are 33 districts in the State of Rajasthan; of which Alwar district has been identified as a progressive district as this district is also included in the National Capital Region (NCR) which was supposed to be most benefitting area following new era of globalization in India.

2. In the second stage, the Raath area has been selected which includes five sub - Divisions of district Alwar in its periphery. This region is almost entirely different to that of the rest sub-divisions of the district.

3. Selection of Villages is the third stage in our sampling procedure. As we were required to give proper representation of all the five sub-divisions of Raath region in this study, therefore, we used random sampling (Lottery Method) for selection of villages. It was decided to select 6 villages from each of the sub-division of the Raath Region of the district. For this selection, we have taken size of village and distance factor into consideration. We have selected 3 villages which are adjacent or nearby to the sub-division head quarter concerned and 3 others that are farthest situated from the sub-division headquarter. Therefore, we have a total number of 5 X 6 = 30 villages from the Raath region in total.

4. Selection of final households was the last stage of our sampling. To have an adequate size of the sample, 10 rural households including government servants, private entrepreneurs, farmers and wage earners etc. were selected as respondents keeping their socio-economic status in view with consultation to the local people or Sarpanch of the village panchayats concerned. Therefore, the number of total respondents was 300 (10 respondents per village X 30 villages = 300).

Indian Economy: Dimensions and Diversification:

After globalisation Indian economy entered in new age of transformation, change and innovative experiences where the global economies voluntarily or forcefully adopted new policies and programmes. Many unexpected changes in rural and urban societies have been seen since the turn of the 21^st century.⁷ As far Indian economy is concerned, it has seen many structural changes in its traditional form. As per the estimates released by Central Statistics Office(CSO), the share of agriculture and allied sectors in India's GDP has declined to 13.7 per cent in 2013-14 due to shift from traditional agrarian economy to industry and service. It says that the share of agricultural products/Agriculture and Allied Sectors in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country was 51.9 per cent in 1950-51, which has now come down to 12.8 per cent in 2013-14 at 2004-05 prices. According to the estimates, national poverty rates fell from 36 per cent to less than 21 percent between 1990 and 2011, although poverty rate is still remain higher both in rural and urban areas. There were relatively large numbers of poor households in the states of Orissa, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and North-Eastern states. Approximately 70 per cent of the country’s population lives in rural areas where, for the first time since independence, the overall growth rate of population has sharply declined, according to the latest Census. Of the 121 crore Indians, 83.3 crore live in rural areas while 37.7 crore stay in urban areas in India. According to the report of the Registrar General of India, it states that for the first time since independence, the absolute increase in population is more in urban areas than in rural areas. The rural-urban distribution is 68.84 per cent and 31.16 per cent respectively. During the past decades population growth continued to concentrate in a few urbanized region while rural areas experienced low population growth and outmigration.⁸ Changes in mobility of rural people were also remarkable with better quality of highways, increased ownership of vehicles, availability of public transport and migration from farm sector to non-farm sector. More people seek work in distant metropolitan centres not only due to improved transportation but also general improvement in education levels. Non-farm work became more important in rural areas which included tourism.⁹

The last employment survey conducted by the NSSO showed that between 2004-05 and 2011-12, a huge section of India’s workforce, 33.3 million to be precise, left farm jobs to take up non-farm occupations, primarily in the construction sector.

According to the last Census, between 2001 and 2011, there was a net addition of 29 million workers to the country’s agricultural workforce. The ratio of such workers in the overall workforce fell only marginally by 3.7 percentage points across the entire decade to 54.6% in 2011. In stark contrast, the NSSO reported that the proportion of farm workers increased by 17.4 million between 1999–2000 and 2004–5, and subsequently declined by 33.3 million between 2004–05 and 2011–12. Thus in a period roughly matching the Census rounds, the NSSO reported a net decline of nearly 16 million farm workers. Thus, according to the NSSO, the ratio of farm workers fell sharply by 12.7 percentage points over the past decade to 47.6% in 2011-12.

In this section, we will examine key features of this change process while reviewing the evolution of ideas that have guided its analysis and inspired policy design. The main message that will emerge is that the rural transformation is a comprehensive process of societal change, driven by global and homogenizing forces that interact with localized structures, institutions, and actors to produce uneven patterns and outcomes of development.¹⁰

Profile of Rajasthan:

Geographically Rajasthan is largest state in India out of all 29 states. This state is located in the north-western part of the country. It is bounded on the west and North-West by Pakistan, on the North and North-East by Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, on the East and South-east by Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh and on the South-West by Gujarat. The Southern part of the state is about 225km from the Gulf of Kutch and about 400 km from the Arabian Sea. Jaipur is the capital city and lies in the East-Central part of the state. It is the largest state in terms of area (342.24 thousand sq. km) but only 8th in terms of population.

According to the census 2011, Rajasthan has a population of 6, 85, 48, 437. The population growth over the last ten years has been around 21.44%. The sex ratio of Rajasthan is 928 per 1000 males. Rajasthan's population is made up mainly of Hindus, who account for 88.8% of the population. Muslims make up 8.5%, Sikhs 1.4% and Jains 1.2% of the population. In 2011, Alwar had population of 3,674,179 of which male and female were 1,939,026 and 1,735,153 respectively. In 2001 census, Alwar had a population of 2,992,592 of which males were 1,586,752 and remaining 1,405,840 were females. There was an increase of more than 22.78 percent in 2011 over the previous census of 2001, while in 2001 it was 27.22 percent increase in population compared to 1991 census. The following table-1 presents a comprehensive picture of the state.

Table: 1. Rajasthan State Profile -Demography (Census 2011)

Description	2011	2001
Total Population	68,548,437	56,507,188
Male	35,550,997	29,420,011
Female	32,997,440	27,087,177
Population Growth	21.31%	28.33%
Percentage of total	5.66%	5.49%
Sex Ratio	928	922
Child Sex Ratio	888	946
Density/km²	200	165
Density/mi²	519	428
Area km²	342,239	342,239
Area mi²	132,139	132,139
Total Children (0-6 Age)	10,649,504	10,651,002
Male Children(0-6 Age	5,639,176	5,579,616
Female Children(0-6 Age)	5,010,328	5,071,386
Total Literacy	66.11 %	60.41 %
Male Literacy	79.19 %	70.32 %
Female Literacy	47.76 %	43.85 %
Total Literate	38,275,282	27,702,010
Male Literate	23,688,412	18,047,157
Female Literate	14,586,870	9,654,853
Total Child	10,649,504	10,651,002

Source: Economic and Statistical Directorate, Rajasthan, 2014-15.

Profile of the Raath area:

The Raath area comprises major five sub division of the Alwar district in state of Rajasthan. These are:

(i). Bansur sub-division;

(ii). Behror sub-division;

(iii). Kotkasim sub-division

(iv). Mundawar sub-division; and

(v). Neemrana sub-division.

This selected area is located at or around the National Highway No.8 that connects national capital Delhi to state capital Jaipur. Geographically, it is situated in the North-Eastern part of Rajasthan boundrying with Haryana in the North. Historically, “The Raathi‟ is a local dialect and used in speaking by the people living in the North-Western part of Alwar district that is known as the Raath region. The word ‟Raath‟ means cruel (निर्दय), contumacious (अक्खड़), and intrepid (निर्दय) etc. That is why there is harshness or dissonance in their dialect. The Raath was named after the dialect, living habits, body structure, body language and behavior of the people of this region. The people of Raath are physically tall, healthy and straight forward speaking and rough spoken. They are known as stubborn, determined, and stalwart in their nature. There is a very famous saying about the people of Raath---„Kanth nawe per Raath na nawe ‟(wood can bow but the people of Raath cannot bow). This area is known for its culture, dialect, rich food items and advanced agricultural practices and innovations, high literacy rate, job orientation especially armed forces and education, high political awareness etc. since independence. Many political leaders from Raath area has represented Alwar parliamentary constituency many times in Indian parliament. Almost every third youth of Raath prefer to join Indian armed forces/police etc. This area is known as a mini pocket of Jawans (soldiers) for Indian armed forces. From agriculture point of view, mustard is produced by farmers at large scale, therefore, this is also called “Mustard Pocket” after Sri Ganganagar and Bharatpur. In Kharif season Bajra, Maize, Jowar, Karif pulses, Arhar, Cotton, Guar etc. and in Rabi season Wheat, Barley, Gram, Mustard, Taramira, Rabi pulses etc. are sown in this area. Other features of the Raath area are the same as district Alwar has except few one like language, clothing, food habits etc.

In the following section, we will examine two key drivers- education and media of socio-economic changes that have large impact on the Raath region. It has manifested in many kinds.

Facets of Rural Transformation in the Raath

Indian leadership adopted policies of globalisation, liberalisation, privatisation and market economy in the awake of the serious economic crisis that enveloped the country by the middle of 1991.¹¹ However, in the pre-reforms phase (1947-1991) Nehruvian State-directed planning took place under regime of Indira Gandhi with some relaxation of price controls, import restrictions, and creation and expansion of industries and industrial capacity.4 During the planning era, little progress was noticed in rural development and rural transformation. Persistence of chronic poverty, low productivity, and lack of access to basic infrastructure, lack of capital, poor health and education were common problems faced by the rural communities.¹² Implications of these two factors are hereby elaborated as per following:

Education: An Engine of Growth:

It is established fact that education or knowledge power has been proved to be most powerful means of growth and development in all societies across the globe. It has been considered as the most important instrument of change in human life.¹³ Studies indicate that those societies were found socio-economically very advance which was made literate as early as possible since ages. There have been tremendous changes in the pattern and living habits of the people of Raath due to high rate of literacy in the region. Since 1991 this trend got momentum. As indicated earlier that this part of district Alwar is known for its high literacy rate in Rajasthan like Jaipur, Jhunjhunu, Ajmer districts especially in case of girl’s education. Raath region had a population of 9, 22, 829 and 12, 87, 173 in 2001 and 2011 census respectively. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Literacy rate in 2001 of Raath region was reported about 60% of the males and 44% of females, which arose up to 84% and 79% in 2011 respectively. This unprecedented growth of education in Raath witnessed significant changes in their life style and daily routine activities during period of 1991-2015. During the study, we found that majority of parents prefer to send their kids in private schools rather than government schools. Table 2 shows the trend of kids education in case of public/ private school. Of the total sample of 300 parents, more than 174(58.67%) reported that they preferred private schools for education of their kids. However, it was found that level of income or affordability was one of the major reasons behind this trend. Quality of education was found another significant factor behind parent’s preferences.¹⁴

Table.2: Parent’s preference regarding school education for their children in 2013-14.

Items	% of Total	No. of Persons
Government School	36.67	110
Private School	58.67	174
Boarding School	5.33	16
Total	100	300

Source: Calculated from the Survey conducted, 2013-14.

During the survey we also found that parents are more aware in case of higher education for their kids during this age of competition. Even army and police personnel who were posted at far flung areas on their duties were found very interested to get their children good and quality education. For their children, they have taken rented houses in nearby towns and cities to avail them quality education keeping their wives with them to look after. Among the contacted more than 70 personnel, about 84 per cent reported that they have made arrangement in nearby towns and cities in rented houses for quality education for their daughters and sons without any discrimination.

Table 2 points out that most of the parents prefer private schools for education of their kids. In this region, parents nowadays hardly make any difference between their sons or daughters. They want equal opportunities for girls and boys but their level of income level affects somehow. However, the female literacy rate recorded as high as male literacy rate. It is very surprising and astonishing fact that more girls are enrolled with higher and technical education rather than boys in Raath area. Table 3 indicates that 17.33% and 20.67% parents reported that their wards are enrolled with technical and medical education respectively. However, the ratio of parents whose wards are getting general education was quite high than those of technical and medical education.

Table.3: Parent’s preference regarding higher education for their children in 2013-14.

Items	No. of Parents	% Of total
Technical Education	52	17.33
Medical Education	62	20.67
General Education	174	58.00
Others	12	4.0
Total	300	100

Source: Rural Transformation Survey, 2013-14.

A number of factors like social prestige, financial condition, competition, decreasing farm income, division and fragmentation of land are some of the factors which shall be held responsible for this paradigm shift in educational trend in Raath region. There are some of the villages that were educationally forward looking and advance and those villages could prove their identity in this region. These are Jakhrana, Gandala, Katopur, Nangal Khoriya, Khohri, Majri, Sanauli and many others which has set example for others in the region. One of the most astonishing fact that that the household parents who hold more than 20 Bighas of land were seen backward in comparison to those who are land less but focused on education for their children. Nowadays, it is very common saying among the people of Raath that parents should go with education than any other thing. During the study many parents reported that their only girl child is getting higher technical education in various institutes of Rajasthan or other parts of country.

Media---Print Media Media either electronic or print both have been playing a very significant role in growth and development of Indian society especially in rural centers.¹⁵ Rural areas across India, are coming closer to the mainstream of development with increasing use of media. As a main driver of transformation, media has proved its growing significance in globalizing world. The increasing literacy rate and rapid expansion of education among masses in the Raath area followed by economic reforms and globalisation wave has made easy access to the media especially print media. Table 4 describes that the use of media-electronic and print has increased significantly during the last 25 years of globalisation. As per our survey, out of 300 household surveyed, more than 156 were subscribing Hindi daily newspaper either Dainik Bhaskar or Rajasthan Patrika or any other daily at their home. Besides this, 10 households were reported to be subscribing English daily. This was witnessed in those households where their sons or daughters appearing in some competitive exam. This trend happens across the entire Raath region. However, we found that these subscribers include most of teachers, retired Indian Air force personnel and youths either girls or boys between age of 15-35. To keep updated about the news of the local area, news related to employment opportunities, entertainment news etc. are some of the key reasons to subscribing Hindi or English dailies.

Table.4: Available means of communication and IT Items.

Items	1992-93	2013-14
Telephone	0	34
Mobile	0	286
Internet	0	32
Hindi News Paper	4	156
English News Paper	0	10
Computer	2	62
Laptop	0	24
IPad	0	8
Water filter	0	84

Source: Rural Transformation Survey, 2013-14.

Like other means of media, print media has become most popular source of information irrespective of all age groups and income groups. Their morning starts with reading newspapers. Availability of newspapers at their door step early in the morning has made their easy access to their business, employment, prices of the commodities and news regarding their surroundings of national and international importance. Some youths who could not subscribe these dailies used to go nearby or neighbouring subscriber for reading. Business organisations, real estate dealers, travel agents, coaching institutes, insurance agents and the local boarding or non-boarding schools use local edition of these news papers to make their advertisement. During the survey, no youth was reported who did not read news paper daily. As it is well known fact that advertisement of the business, school or any other activities in these daily news papers help them to expand their income and marketing on one hand, while on the other, people get employment.¹⁶ Electronic Media--Television, Cable and DTH 21^st century is considered as digital century across globe. In India, Direct to Home (DTH) service was started in 2003 with an aim to provide easy access of electronic media to all. It has been growing at a rapid pace in rural areas. However, urban areas were already equipped with Television sets. This growth has been supported by huge investments by the existing and new players in media sector. DTH market in India is one of the fastest growing segments of the Segmented Pay TV industry and is witnessing significant growth on account of rising per capita income and government mandate of complete digitization. Increasing role of the government to support FDI in India and technological innovation will also drive this industry. At the same time, the spread of cable TV has spread ideas about urban existence, even of ways of life in the developed countries. This, of course, could have the desirable effect of increasing pressure on governments to perform better in creating conditions to realize these aspirations for better living. The Indian electoral-based democratic process could provide some scope for an articulation of these interests.¹⁷ Electronic media especially, television has been undoubtedly the most prominent form of entertainment in every household. In this digital age, barring the underprivileged ones at the bottom of the food chain, even the working class from the lower section of the Indian society claims of having a television set at home. Although, more than 1000 channels in different languages are functional across the country in order to cater the needs of the population of 1.21 crores. Table 5 claims that almost more than 90% of the selected households were having television sets at their homes. Most of them are equipped with DTH and cable facilities. Due to the change in the life style of the people of Raath, people use to prefer sit before the television sets rather than to join a group of villagers for gossiping in the evening as it was a routine practice during 1970s or 1980s.

Table.5: Television, Cable and DTH connectivity in Raath.

Items	1992-93	2013-14
Total Households	300	300
Households		282
owning a TV	24
Cable & Satellite enabled Households	0.0	217
Digital connection enabled Households	0.0	154
None( no TV)	0.0	18
Source: Computed by own.

Such depictions and their fantasies have led to aspirations for changed lifestyles among the rural upper and middle classes of Raath area in Rajasthan. Even the poorer rural classes are not immune to such changed aspirations for better living. Almost all the informants in the surveyed area were found equipped with TV/LCD/LED. Even LCDs/LEDs are becoming more popular in villages in place of TV sets. Nowadays, an access of Doordarshan (DD) programmes are hardly enjoyed in rural and urban areas due to availability of plenty of other private channels in the media market. More than 67 per cent households were found having DTH/ Cable connection at their homes in the surveyed area. Therefore, use of electronic media has proved to be a most powerful driver of transformation in rural Raath. Access to DTH and cable network to each and every home of Raath area has created drastic changes in rural life of villagers. Now gone are the day when all villagers after doing their day time job (agriculture, business, job etc.) sat together at ‘Gram Chopal’ (Parsh—a public place in Raath) and discussed various matters relating to their village welfare, community welfare, local, national and international political events after listening Aakashwani New on radio. That traditional system helped the villagers not only to solve the local problems amicably, but created peace and harmony. Nowadays, rural people have confined themselves to their homes after sun set in almost each and every village of the Raath region fearing any untoward situation created by unwanted social elements. This revolution of cable and DTH has made its access easy in each family silently which brought fast changes in socio-cultural life of the people especially among youth.¹⁸ TV serials and other programmes on TV has influenced their life to a great extent.

Since rapid rate of economic growth in Raath region was associated principally with manufacturing and service industries, over the period of time in rural sector has become less important in national economy.¹⁹ Rural transformation in Raath reflects the multi-dimensional changes towards diversification of rural activities with the increase of the non-farm activities, and broadening of farm or land based activities, and the introduction of quality and local distinctive products. However, these new forms of rural activities appear side by side with the older forms of productivity agriculture in the same localities. The changes are also unevenly distributed, related to variations of rural resources in the localities, the culture and other capitals.²⁰ It may be argued that besides these two factors, road and railways infrastructure brought development and more growth opportunities in this region.

FINDING AND CONCLUSION:

We have discussed the evolution of our collective understanding of rural societies and how they change, since the early sectoral focus on agricultural societies and agricultural development, through to current ideas that put strong emphasis on places and placed-based development. Throughout this evolution, rural change has always been conceptualized as resulting from the interaction of global and local factors.²¹ For example, the economic theories on agriculture and growth and agriculture and development, which provided the intellectual support for the Green Revolution policies in the 1960s and 1970s, soon realized that they had to take into consideration such local idiosyncrasies as farmer risk aversion or the nature of local input markets.

Rural societies of Raath, like all others, bear a heavy inheritance of structures and deeply rooted difficult to-change institutions that have repeatedly shown their power in mediating the local effects of global forces and in defeating the best policy designs.²² The face of the people of villages of Raath region is changing rapidly especially after economic reforms started in 1991 with the advent of good communication gadgets like laptops, mobiles, tablets, convenience of mobility with the rapid inroads of two, three and four wheelers, and other luxurious consumer goods like air conditioners, vaccum cleaners, washing machines, coolers, DTH etc. reaching every rural house hold. Once upon a time, comforts of high middle class are now available to common man in villages at a phone call and have become necessity of their life.²³ This development is making the lifestyle of rural Raath highly transformed and causing its own effects on the society surrounding them. The growth in the city life of a common man is always at a medium pace as he or she has to cope- up with high costs of city life and pressed for time to meet the ends.²⁴

The rural economy, on the other side, is growing at a rapid pace with the advent of real estate boom and increasing cost of the land due to land acquisition for industrial and upcoming residential township. People are coming out of their hereditary and traditional professions to take up the lesser physical effort jobs.²⁵ Farmers in almost each and every village are facing difficulties in hiring physical labour for farming activities as the next generation of farm labour is not interested to join their parents despite of attractive wages. These educated youth of next generation want white collar job rather their parental job. Most of them prefer government jobs first, such as teacher, police, military, defence etc. If they do not get any government job, then they search for sales agent of real estate, insurance agent, contractor, self-business etc. The people have now started to spend more amounts on food, shelter, education, health and living standard. in wake of their increasing purchasing power. They are more willing ever before to migrate from their native to the far flung area in want of job. They want their children to get technical and professional education. Every house hold in this part of the NCR is in natural competition to each other in the society in attaining prosperity. The preferences of people have changed in the last two decades of globalization. They are becoming more and more materialistic in day to day life. Morality and spirituality has been disappearing in day to day life of masses of the Raath area. Traditional thinking and traditional way of life are at stake. Religious barrier and caste rigidity are cracking at a very fast pace. Life style of the people has seen multi-dimensional changes in wake of globalization and economic reforms, especially after turn of 21^st century.

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Received on 15.09.2017 Modified on 09.11.2017

Int. J. Rev. and Res. Social Sci. 2018; 6(1):25-31.

DOI: 10.5958/2454-2687.2018.00005.9